How Should Opioids Be Started and Titrated in Routine Outpatient Settings? -- How Should Opioids Be Started and Titrated in Hospital or Inpatient Settings? -- How Should Patient-Controlled Analgesia Be Used in Patients With Serious Illness and Those Experiencing Postoperative Pain? -- How Should Opioids Be Used to Manage Pain Emergencies? -- What Principles Should Guide Oral, Transcutaneous, and Intravenous Opioid Dose Conversions? -- Which Opioids Are Safest and Most Effective in Renal Failure? -- How Should Methadone Be Started and Titrated in Opioid-Naïve and Opioid-Tolerant Patients? -- What Special Considerations Should Guide the Safe Use of Methadone? -- When Should Corticosteroids Be Used to Manage Pain? -- When Should Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Be Used to Manage Pain? -- What Is Neuropathic Pain? How Do Opioids and Nonopioids Compare for Neuropathic Pain Management? -- Should Bisphosphonates Be Used Routinely to Manage Pain and Skeletal Complications in Cancer? -- Should Bisphosphonates Be Used Routinely to Manage Pain and Skeletal Complications in Other Conditions? -- When Should Radiotherapy Be Considered for Pain Management and What Principles Should Guide the Consideration of Limited-Fraction Versus Full-Dose Radiotherapy? -- When Should Radiopharmaceuticals Be Considered for Pain Management? -- What Principles Should Guide the Prescribing of Opioids for Non-Cancer-Related Pain? -- What Approaches Should Be Used to Minimize Opioid Diversion and Abuse in Palliative Care? -- When Should Epidural or Intrathecal Opioid Infusions and Pumps Be Considered for Pain Management? -- When Should Nerve Blocks Be Used for Pain Management? -- What Interventions Are Effective for Managing Dyspnea in Cancer? -- What Is the Role of Opioids in Treatment of Refractory Dyspnea in Advanced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? -- What Nonopioid Treatments Should Be Used to Manage Dyspnea Associated With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? -- What Interventions Are Effective for Managing Dyspnea in Heart Failure? -- What Medications Are Effective in Preventing and Relieving Constipation in the Setting of Opioid Use? -- How Should Medications Be Initiated and Titrated to Reduce Acute and Delayed Nausea and Vomiting in the Setting of Chemotherapy? --How Should Medications Be Initiated and Titrated to Prevent and Treat Nausea and Vomiting in Clinical Situations Unrelated to Chemotherapy? -- What Interventions Are Effective for Relieving Acute Bowel Obstruction in Cancer and Other Conditions? -- What Medications Are Effective in Improving Anorexia and Weight Loss in Cancer? -- What Therapeutic Strategies Are Effective in Improving Anorexia and Weight Loss in Nonmalignant Disease? -- When Should Enteral Feeding by Percutaneous Tube Be Used in Patients With Cancer and in Patients With Non-Cancer-Related Conditions? -- When Should Parenteral Feeding Be Considered for Patients With Cancer and for Patients With Non-Cancer-Related Conditions? -- How Does One Assess for Psychiatric Illness in Patients With Advanced Disease? -- What Treatments Are Effective for Depression in the Palliative Care Setting? -- What Treatments Are Effective for Anxiety in Patients With Serious Illness? -- What Is Delirium? -- What Are Effective Pharmacological Treatments for Delirium? -- What Nonpharmacological Treatments Are Effective for Delirium? -- What Are the Differences When Treating a Patient at the End of Life With Delirium (Terminal Delirium)? -- How Do Symptoms Change for Patients in the Last Days and Hours of Life? -- What Is Known About Prognostication in Advanced Illness? -- What Is a Useful Strategy for Estimating Survival in Palliative Care Settings for Persons With Advanced Cancer? -- What Is a Useful Strategy for Estimating Survival for Persons With Advanced Non-Cancer-Related Illness in Palliative Care Settings? -- What Are the Key Elements to Having a Conversation About Setting Goals and Communicating Serious News? -- What Do Palliative Care Clinicians Need to Know About Teaching Communication? -- What Are Advance Care Plans and How Are They Different From Advance Directives? -- What Elements Are Essential to Effective Advance Care Planning? -- What Is the Evidence That Advance Care Plans Change Patient Outcomes? -- What Is the Role for Palliative Care in Patients With Advanced Cancer? -- What Is the Clinical Course of Advanced Cancer? -- What Is the Relationship Between Patient Performance Status and Ability to Offer Chemotherapeutic Treatments? --What Is the Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia? -- What Are Appropriate Palliative Interventions for Patients With Advanced Dementia? -- What Is the Clinical Course of Advanced Liver Disease and What Symptoms Are Associated With It? -- What Special Considerations Are Needed for Treating Patients With Chronic Liver Disease? -- What Is the Role of Palliative Care in Stroke? -- What Special Considerations Are Needed for Individuals With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, or Parkinson Disease? -- What Is the Clinical Course of Advanced Heart Failure and How Do Implanted Cardiac Devices Alter This Course? -- What Is Chronic Critical Illness and What Outcomes Can Be Expected? -- What Special Considerations Are Needed in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer? -- What Special Considerations Are Needed in Treating Symptoms in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease? -- How Is the Patient Who Stops Dialysis Best Managed? -- Which Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease Should Not Be Started on Dialysis? -- What Is Frailty? -- What Are the Special Needs of Patients With Frailty? -- What Are Special Considerations for Treating Pediatric Patients and Their Families? -- What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Cord Compression? -- What Are the Best Pharmacological and Surgical Treatments for Patients With Spinal Cord Compression? -- What Techniques Can Be Used in the Hospital or Home Setting to Best Manage Uncontrollable Bleeding? -- What Can Be Done for Patients With Crisis Dyspnea? -- What Are the Arguments That Show That Palliative Care Is Beneficial to Hospitals? -- What Are the Arguments That Show Outpatient Palliative Care Is Beneficial to Medical Systems? -- What Is the Effect of Serious Illness on Caregivers? -- What Can Be Done to Improve Outcomes for Caregivers of Patients With Serious Illness? -- What Is Prolonged Grief Disorder and How Can Its Likelihood Be Reduced? -- What Are the Eligibility Criteria for Hospice? -- In What Settings Can Hospice Be Provided? -- What Models Exist for Delivering Palliative Care and Hospice in Nursing Homes? -- How Can Palliative Care Be Integrated Into Home-Based Primary Care Programs? -- What New Models Exist for Ambulatory Palliative Care? -- What New Models Exist for Palliative Care in the Emergency Department? -- What Are Sources of Spiritual and Existential Suffering for Patients With Advanced Disease?