Biological
Biological diversity [elektronický zdroj] : frontiers in measurement and assessment / edited by Anne E. Magurran and Brian J. McGill. -- Oxford ; New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press, 2011. -- 1 online zdroj (xvii, 345 s.) : il. -- Popsáno podle tištěné verze. -- Obsahuje: Machine generated contents note: 1. Challenges and opportunities in the measurement and assessment of biological diversity / Brian J. McGill -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. State of the field -- 1.3. What is in this book -- Acknowledgements -- pt. I Basic Measurement Issues -- 2. An overview of sampling issues in species diversity and abundance surveys / Norman Mercado-Silva -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. State of the field -- 2.2.1. Setting objectives -- 2.2.2. An important partner: the statistician -- 2.2.3. What species to sample -- 2.2.4. Where to sample -- 2.2.5. Bias, sampling error, and precision -- 2.2.6. How to sample -- 2.2.7. Quantifying the sample -- 2.2.8. When to sample -- 2.2.9. How many samples to collect -- 2.2.10. Comparing information from different surveys -- 2.2.11. Preparing for the field -- 2.3. Prospectus -- 2.4. Key points -- 3. Biodiversity monitoring: the relevance of detectability / Stuart E. Newson -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. State of the field: which biodiversity measure?. -- Obsahuje: 3.3. Detectability: are species counts relevant for monitoring biodiversity? -- 3.3.1. Individual detectability -- 3.3.2. Estimating individual detectability -- 3.3.3. Species detectability -- 3.4. Case study: the UK Breeding Bird Survey -- 3.5. Discussion -- 3.6. Prospectus -- 3.7. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- pt. II Diversity -- 4. Estimating species richness / Robert K. Colwell -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. State of the field -- 4.2.1. Sampling models for biodiversity data -- 4.2.2. The species accumulation curve -- 4.2.3. Climbing the species accumulation curve -- 4.2.4. Species richness versus species density -- 4.2.5. Individual-based rarefaction -- 4.2.6. Sample-based rarefaction -- 4.2.7. Assumptions of rarefaction -- 4.2.8. Estimating asymptotic species richness -- 4.2.9. Comparing estimators of asymptotic species richness -- 4.2.10. Software for estimating species richness from sample data -- 4.3. Prospectus -- 4.4. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- 5. Measurement of species diversity / Brian J. McGill -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. State of the art. -- Obsahuje: 5.2.1. Species diversity as variance -- 5.2.2. Species diversity as information -- 5.2.3. Traditional measures of various types of diversity -- 5.2.4. Addressing the difference between the empirical and ecological samples: estimating species diversity components using empirical samples -- 5.2.5. Testing for heterogeneity among ecological samples -- 5.3. Prospectus -- 5.4. Key points -- 6. Compositional similarity and β (beta) diversity / Robin L. Chazdon -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. State of the field -- 6.2.1. Measures of relative compositional similarity and differentiation -- 6.2.2. Diversity and compositional similarity -- 6.2.3. Statistical estimation of assemblage differentiation and similarity -- 6.3. Prospectus -- 6.4. Key points -- 7. Measuring biological diversity in time (and space) / Anne E. Magurran -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. State of the field: timescales of change and community boundaries -- 7.3. What is being measured? -- 7.4. Assessing change through time -- 7.4.1. Temporal turnover: species time curves -- 7.4.2. Temporal turnover: turnover indexes. -- Obsahuje: 7.4.3. Using species abundance distributions to evaluate change -- 7.4.4. Assessing change using biodiversity indexes -- 7.5. Measuring change in the rate of change -- 7.6. Using temporal change to shed light on community structure -- 7.7. Partitioning diversity in space and time -- 7.8. Prospectus -- 7.9. Key points -- pt. III Distribution -- 8. Commonness and rarity / Peter A. Henderson -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. State of the field -- 8.3. Commonness and rarity: ecological context -- 8.4. Assessing commonness and rarity -- 8.5. Prospectus -- 8.6. Key points -- 9. Species abundance distributions / Brian J. McGill -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. State of the field -- 9.2.1. Visual approaches to SADs -- 9.2.2. Parametric approaches to SADs -- 9.2.3. Non-parametric approaches to SADs -- 9.2.4. Multivariate approaches to SADs -- 9.3. Identifying a useful, parsimonious subset of SAD metrics -- 9.3.1. Efficiency and bias -- 9.3.2. Independence of measures -- 9.3.3. Overall assessment of useful, parsimonious metrics of SADs -- 9.4. Prospectus -- 9.5. Key points -- Acknowledgements. -- Obsahuje: 10. Fitting and empirical evaluation of models for species abundance distributions / Maria Dornelas -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. State of the field -- 10.2.1. Species abundance models -- 10.2.2. Obtaining predicted abundances -- 10.2.3. Choosing parameters -- 10.2.4. Goodness-of-fit testing -- 10.2.5. Model selection -- 10.3. Prospectus -- 10.3.1. Sampling theory for species abundance models -- 10.3.2. Parameter estimation -- 10.3.3. Goodness-of-fit testing -- 10.3.4. Model selection -- 10.3.5. Conclusions -- 10.4. Key points -- 11. Species occurrence and occupancy / Fangliang He -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. State of the field -- 11.2.1. Occupancy-area relationships -- 11.2.2. Occupancy-abundance relationships -- 11.2.3. Species occupancy distributions -- 11.3. Prospectus -- 11.4. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- 12. Measuring the spatial structure of biodiversity / Brian J. McGill -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.1.1. What spatial structure is of interest? -- 12.1.2. Number of variables recorded -- pattern or association? -- 12.1.3. Types of data. -- Obsahuje: 12.2. State of the art -- 12.2.1. Estimating intensity (first-order effects) -- 12.2.2. Studying effects at a distance (second-order effects) -- 12.2.3. Associations between two variables -- 12.2.4. Software available -- 12.3. Prospectus -- 12.4. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- pt. IV Alternative measures of diversity -- 13. A primer of trait and functional diversity / Evan Weiher -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.1.1. General definitions -- 13.1.2. General importance -- 13.1.3. A brief history of trait and functional diversity -- 13.2. State of the field -- 13.2.1. Overview -- 13.2.2. Indices of trait and functional diversity -- 13.2.3. Partitioning the components of trait diversity -- 13.2.4. Methodological issues -- 13.2.5. Conceptual issues -- 13.3. Prospectus -- 13.3.1. Recommendations -- 13.3.2. Future directions -- 13.4. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- 14. Measuring phylogenetic biodiversity / Arne ˘. Mooers -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.1.1. Overview -- 14.1.2. Approaching the study of phylogenetic diversity. -- Obsahuje: 14.2. State of the field -- 14.2.1. Null models -- 14.2.2. Simulation analyses -- 14.2.3. Simulation results -- 14.3. Prospectus -- 14.3.1. Phylogenetic diversity in conservation -- 14.3.2. Phylogenetic diversity in community ecology -- 14.3.3. Abundance vs presence-absence data -- 14.4. Key points -- 15. Genetic methods for biodiversity assessment / Hans-Werner Herrmann -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Genetic methods in biodiversity assessment -- 15.2.1. Mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNA -- 15.2.2. Genome technologies -- 15.3. Biodiversity assessments -- 15.3.1. Phylogenies for biodiversity assessment using mtDNA and nuclear DNA -- 15.3.2. Non-invasively monitoring for biodiversity -- 15.3.3. DNA barcoding for biodiversity assessment -- 15.3.4. Genome technologies for biodiversity assessment -- 15.4. Prospectus -- 15.5. Key points -- pt. V Applications -- 16. Microbial diversity and ecology / Thomas P. Curtis -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. The diversity concept -- 16.3. Phylogeny -- 16.4. rRNA as an evolutionary chronometer. -- Obsahuje: 16.5. Methods for assessing diversity -- 16.5.1. PCR-based methods -- 16.5.2. Pyrosequencing -- 16.5.3. Metagenomics -- 16.6. Sampling, scale, and thresholds -- 16.7. Mathematical tools for estimating diversity -- 16.7.1. Collectors curves -- 16.7.2. Chao's non-parametric estimators -- 16.7.3. Parametric estimators that assume a distribution -- 16.7.4. Estimating diversity by inferring a distribution from the data -- 16.8. Estimation of required sample size -- 16.9. In-depth metagenome analyses -- 16.10. Prospectus -- 16.11. Key points -- 17. Biodiversity and disturbance / Karl Inne Ugland -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. What is a disturbance? -- 17.2.1. Source of the disturbance -- 17.2.2. Timescale -- 17.2.3. Spatial scale -- 17.2.4. Intensity -- 17.2.5. Specificity -- 17.2.6. Summary -- 17.3. State of the field: measuring the effects of disturbance on biodiversity -- 17.3.1. Univariate metrics -- 17.3.2. Species abundance distribution based metrics -- 17.3.3. Multivariate analysis -- 17.4. Prospectus -- 17.5. Key points -- Acknowledgements. -- Obsahuje: 18. Measuring biodiversity in managed landscapes / Melodie A. McGeoch -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. State of the field -- 18.2.1. Variation in biodiversity measurement goals -- 18.2.2. Bioindicators and monitoring -- 18.2.3. Measuring biodiversity for management -- 18.2.4. Matrices for measurement -- 18.3. Prospectus -- 18.4. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- 19. Estimating extinction with the fossil record / S. Kathleen Lyons -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. State of the field -- 19.2.1. Basic metrics -- 19.2.2. Survivorship curves -- 19.2.3. The importance of sampling -- 19.2.4. Relevant studies -- 19.2.5. Occurrence-based diversity estimates -- 19.2.6. Gap analyses -- 19.3. Prospectus -- 19.4. Key points. -- Obsahuje: 20. Estimating species density / Chi Yuan -- 20.1. Introduction -- 20.1.1. The problem: what is the density of species? -- 20.1.2. Defining the density of species -- 20.1.3. Species density takes on new importance in an era of environmental concern -- 20.2. Data set -- 20.2.1. Data description -- 20.2.2. Data manipulation -- 20.2.3. NP: our surrogate for A -- 20.3. Density estimates -- 20.3.1. First density estimate -- 20.3.2. Density estimates for subsets with a uniform plot size -- 20.4. Curvature in SPARs -- 20.5. Reducing the bias -- 20.5.1. Extrapolation -- 20.5.2. Estimators based on the frequency of scarce species -- 20.6. Applying bias reduction -- 20.7. Checking our results on the scale of all of Virginia -- 20.8. Why species density? -- 20.8.1. Species density as an environmental indicator -- 20.8.2. Species density as a topic of study -- 20.9. Key points -- Acknowledgements -- pt. VI Conclusions -- 21. Conclusions / Anne E. Magurran. -- ISBN : 9780191576843 (e-book). -- 0191576840 (e-book). -- 9780199580675. -- 0199580677. -- 9780199580668. -- 0199580669.
Magurran, Anne E., 1955-. McGill, Brian J
biodiverzita. monitorování životního prostředí. ekologie. elektronické knihy
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