Front Cover; Fundamentals of Motor Control; Copyright; Contents; Preface; Chapter 1A philosophical introduction; 1.1Adequate language; 1.2Specific features of biological objects; Chapter 2Elements of history; 2.1From Ancient Greece to the early twentieth century; 2.2Classical biomechanics and neurophysiology of the twentieth century; 2.3Nikolai Bernstein and the levels of movement construction; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 3Features of the system for movement production; 3.1The muscle; 3.2Neurons and neural pathways; 3.3Sensory receptors.3.4Reflexes3.5Motor redundancy; 3.6Motor variability; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 4Instructive examples; 4.1Do stars and planets measure the distances to each other?; 4.2Posture-movement paradox; 4.3Opening a door with a mug of coffee in one's hand; 4.4Tonic stretch reflex and voluntary movements; 4.5Equifinality and its violations; 4.6Effects of deafferentation on voluntary movements; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 5Control with forces and torques; 5.1Force control.5.2Are interaction torques special? The leading-joint hypothesis5.3Generalized motor programs; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 6Control with muscle activations; 6.1Introduction; 6.2Dual-strategy hypothesis; 6.3Pulse-step model; 6.4Control of multi-muscle systems: muscle synergies; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 7Control theory approaches; 7.1The basic notions; 7.2Servo-control and Merton's servo-hypothesis; 7.3Optimal control; Self-test questions.Essential references and recommended further readingsChapter 8Physical approaches; 8.1Mass-spring models; 8.2Threshold control; 8.3The equilibrium-point hypothesis; 8.4Control with referent configurations; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 9Coordination; 9.1Introduction; 9.2Optimization; 9.3Dynamical systems approach; 9.4Synergy; 9.5Perception-action interactions; 9.6Perception-action coupling; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 10Neurophysiological structures; 10.1The spinal cord.10.2Central pattern generators10.3The brain: A general overview; 10.4Cortex of the large hemispheres; 10.5Loops through the basal ganglia; 10.6Loops involving the cerebellum; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 11Exemplary behaviors; 11.1Posture; 11.2Locomotion; 11.3Reaching; 11.4Prehension; Self-test questions; Essential references and recommended further readings; Chapter 12Effects of practice and adaptation; 12.1Introduction; 12.2Learning to be quick and accurate: Speed-accuracy and speed-difficulty trade-offs; 12.3 Learning motor synergies.