Chemical Technology: An Integral Textbook; Contents; Preface; Notation; 1 Introduction; 1.1 What is Chemical Technology?; 1.2 The Chemical Industry; 2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry; 2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds; 2.1.1 Factors that In.uence the Electronic Nature of Bonds and Atoms; 2.1.2 Steric Effects; 2.1.3 Classification of Reagents; 2.2 General Classification of Reactions; 2.2.1 Acid-Base Catalyzed Reactions; 2.2.2 Reactions via Free Radicals; 2.2.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions; 2.2.4 Reactions via Carbocations2.2.5 Electrophilic Substitution Reactions at Aromatic Compounds2.2.6 Electrophilic Addition Reactions; 2.2.7 Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; 2.2.8 Asymmetric Synthesis; 2.3 Catalysis; 2.3.1 Introduction and General Aspects; 2.3.2 Homogeneous, Heterogeneous, and Biocatalysis; 2.3.3 Production and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts; 2.3.4 Deactivation of Catalysts; 2.3.5 Future Trends in Catalysis Research; 3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations; 3.1 Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids; 3.1.1 Ideal and Real Gas; 3.1.2 Heat Capacities and the Joule-Thomson Effect3.1.3 Physical Transformations of Pure Substances: Vaporization and Melting3.1.4 Transport Properties (Diffusivity, Viscosity, Heat Conduction); 3.1.4.1 Basic Equations for Transfer of Heat, Mass, and Momentum; 3.1.4.2 Transport Coefficients of Gases; 3.1.4.3 Transport Coefficients of Liquids; 3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering; 3.2.1 Heat Transport; 3.2.1.1 Heat Conduction; 3.2.1.2 Heat Transfer by Convection (Heat Transfer Coefficients); 3.2.1.3 Boiling Heat Transfer; 3.2.1.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation; 3.2.1.5 Transient Heat Transfer by Conduction and Convection3.2.2 Mass Transport3.2.2.1 Forced Flow in Empty Tubes and Hydrodynamic Entrance Region; 3.2.2.2 Steady-State and Transient Diffusive Mass Transfer; 3.2.2.3 Diffusion in Porous Solids; 3.3 Thermal Unit Operations; 3.3.1 Heat Exchangers (Recuperators and Regenerators); 3.3.2 Distillation; 3.3.2.1 Distillation Principles; 3.3.2.2 Design of Distillation Columns (Ideal Mixtures); 3.3.2.3 Azeotropic, Extractive, and Pressure Swing Distillation; 3.3.2.4 Reactive Distillation; 3.3.3 Absorption (Gas Scrubbing); 3.3.3.1 Absorption Principles; 3.3.3.2 Design of Absorption Columns3.3.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction3.3.4.1 Extraction Principles; 3.3.4.2 Design of Extraction Processes; 3.3.5 Adsorption; 3.3.5.1 Adsorption Principles; 3.3.5.2 Design of Adsorption Processes; 3.3.6 Fluid-Solid Extraction; 3.3.6.1 Principles of Fluid-Solid Extraction; 3.3.6.2 Design of Fluid-Solid Extractions; 3.3.7 Crystallization; 3.3.7.1 Ideal Binary Eutectic Phase System; 3.3.7.2 Ideal Binary Phase System with Both Solids Completely Soluble in One Another; 3.3.8 Separation by Membranes; 3.3.8.1 Principles of Membrane Separation; 3.3.8.2 Applications of Membrane Separation Processes