Musculoskeletal anatomy, neuroanatomy, and biomechanics of the lumbar spine -- Classification of low back pain and alerts for different age groups -- Spondylogenic back pain: osseous and intervertebral lesions -- Spondylogenic back pain: soft tissue lesions and pain mechanisms -- Epidemiology and natural history of spondylogenic backache -- Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis -- Inflammatory spondyloarthropathies and lesions of the sacroiliac joints -- The history -- Examination of the back -- Disc degeneration without root irritation: acute and chronic low back pain -- Disc degeneration with root irritation: disc ruptures -- Disc degeneration with root irritation: spinal canal stenosis -- The investigation -- Differential diagnosis of low back pain -- Injections -- Pain -- Complications and failures of spinal surgery.