Preface -- 1. Introduction : the Standard Models -- 2. The Planck scale--compactification3. Testing theories in physics, including string theories -- 3.1. Kaluza-Klein theories, anomalies, and the physics of extra dimensions4. The mass-energy scales of particle physics and cosmology--the 'hierarchy' problem--supersymmetry--hidden sectors -- 4.1. Unification of forces--the QCD scale and the proton mass -- 4.2. If we did not know about protons, QCD would make us think of them -- 4.3. Theories versus solutions--a major confusion--spontaneous symmetry breaking -- 4.4. Hidden sectors5. The scales we need to explain -- 5.1. Higgs physics--electroweak symmetry breaking--the supersymmetry Higgs sector -- 5.2. The [mu] 'problem' -- 5.3. Overview of scales6. How would we decide we had a good theory to describe and explain our world? -- 6.1. Compactified M-theory on a G2 manifold : early results -- 6.2. Compactified M-theory : superpotential, phenomenological theory -- 6.3. The main results and predictions for M-theory so far and in progress -- 6.4. Summary : the Higgs physics -- 6.5. Summary : where are the superpartners?7. Brief topics : views from our perspective -- 7.1. Dark matter : what is it, what is its connection to string theory, and how can we study it? -- 7.2. Axions -- 7.3. Moduli : stabilization and cosmological history -- 7.4. Matter asymmetry -- 7.5. The Standard Model : quark and lepton masses, one heavy quark, MDOWN--MUP -- 7.6. The cosmological constant -- 7.7. Generic -- 7.8. No adjustable parameters? No flexibility. What if ...? -- 7.9. A final theory? -- 8. Perspectives.